On 6 December 1865, the thirteenth amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted. Passed the Senate on 8 April 1864 and by the House of Representatives on 31 January 1865, the thirteenth amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude; except as punishment for a crime. It was also the first of three reconstruction amendments adopted following the civil war. Secretary of State William H. Seward officially announced the adoption of the thirteenth amendment on December 16.

Even though President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on 1 January 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation did not affect the status of the slaves in states that remained loyal to the Union. Passage of the thirteenth amendment made all slaves legally free ending a dark chapter in the history of The United States of America.

Even though African Americans were now free, they still faced a very racist culture. Black codes” were laws that were passed or updated after the Emancipation Proclamation in Southern States. These laws pretty much stated that if an African American man did not contract with white plantations owners, they could be charged with vagrancy. These vagrancy laws and black codes sole purpose were to restrict African American’s freedom and force them to work, doing hard labor.

–James Richard Rausch

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Meet the Author

James Richard Rausch is a student at Schoolcraft College.