On 29 August 1533, Atahualpa was executed. He was the last Incan ruler who was not a puppet of the Spanish. At the time, the Incan empire includes parts of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia and Colombia.

When his father Huayna Capac died in 1526 or 1527, Atahualpa and his brother, Huascar, both vied for the throne. The civil war that resulted ended with Huascar’s capture in 1532. Even though the war was over, there was still mistrust between the northern section of the empire—which was ruled by Atahualpa—and the southern section which his brother had controlled.

The same year that Atahualpa became ruler, a Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro landed in the Incan empire. Atahualpa was captured in Cajamarca, Peru. Sometime between 1463 and 1471, Atahualpa’s grandfather Tupac Inca had captured the city and made it part of the Incan empire. At an elevation of 8,900 in the Peruvian Andes, Cajamarca had been the center of the Caxamarca culture and also had been influenced by the Chavin and Huari cultures. The important religious center of Kuntur Wasi dates back to 1000 BCE.

After Atahualpa was captured, he offered to ransom himself for a large quantity of gold and silver. However, Pizarro had no intention of releasing his captive. After the ransom had been paid, Atahualpa was tried for killing his brother, revolting against Spain, adultery, and other charges. He was ordered to be burned. However, he was given the choice of converting to Catholicism which would allow him to be strangled instead. Atahualpa accepted the offer of conversion. After his death, he was given a full Catholic burial.
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Peru would remain under Spanish domination until 1821. In September 1820, José de San Martín invaded the sea port of Pisco, Peru. San Martin had previously helped defeat the Spanish in Chile.

On 12 July 1821 San Martin and his troops entered Lima. Although independence was formally declared on July 28, the war continued. In 1922, Simón Bolíva—hero of Venezuelan independence entered Peru with his troops. The Spanish were finally defeated by Boliva’s forces in 1924.

–Steven L. Berg, PhD

Photo Caption: Portrait of Atahualpa drawn from life by one of Pizarro’s detachment in 1533.